Psychology Receives Challenge to Clean Up Its Act

Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman wants the field to restore its credibility with open data and by having multiple labs repeat experiments to make sure that results are robust

By Ed Yong

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By Ed Yong of Nature magazine

Nobel prize-winner Daniel Kahneman has issued a strongly worded call to one group of psychologists to restore the credibility of their field by creating a replication ring to check each others? results.

Kahneman, a psychologist at Princeton University in New Jersey, addressed his open e-mail to researchers who work on social priming, the study of how subtle cues can unconsciously influence our thoughts or behavior. For example, volunteers might walk more slowly down a corridor after seeing words related to old age, or fare better in general-knowledge tests after writing down the attributes of a typical professor.

Such tests are widely used in psychology, and Kahneman counts himself as a ?general believer? in priming effects. But in his e-mail, seen by Nature, he writes that there is a ?train wreck looming? for the field, due to a ?storm of doubt? about the robustness of priming results.

Under fire
This skepticism has been fed by failed attempts to replicate classic priming studies, increasing concerns about replicability in psychology more broadly (see 'Bad Copy'), and the exposure of fraudulent social psychologists such as Diederik Stapel, Dirk Smeesters and Lawrence Sanna, who used priming techniques in their work.

?For all these reasons, right or wrong, your field is now the poster child for doubts about the integrity of psychological research,? Kahneman writes. ?I believe that you should collectively do something about this mess.?

Kahneman?s chief concern is that graduate students who have conducted priming research may find it difficult to get jobs after being associated with a field that is being visibly questioned.

?Kahneman is a hard man to ignore. I suspect that everybody who got a message from him read it immediately,? says Brian Nosek, a social psychologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville.

David Funder, at the University of California, Riverside, and president-elect of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, worries that the debate about priming has descended into angry defensiveness rather than a scientific discussion about data. ?I think the e-mail hits exactly the right tone,? he says. ?If this doesn?t work, I don?t know what will.?

Hal Pashler, a cognitive psychologist at the University of California, San Diego, says that several groups, including his own, have already tried to replicate well-known social-priming findings, but have not been able to reproduce any of the effects. ?These are quite simple experiments and the replication attempts are well powered, so it is all very puzzling. The field needs to get to the bottom of this, and the quicker the better.?

Chain of replication
To address this problem, Kahneman recommends that established social psychologists set up a ?daisy chain? of replications. Each lab would try to repeat a priming effect demonstrated by its neighbor, supervised by someone from the replicated lab. Both parties would record every detail of the methods, commit beforehand to publish the results, and make all data openly available.

Kahneman thinks that such collaborations are necessary because priming effects are subtle, and could be undermined by small experimental changes.

Norbert Schwarz, a social psychologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor who received the e-mail, says that priming studies attract skeptical attention because their results are often surprising, not necessarily because they are scientifically flawed. ?There is no empirical evidence that work in this area is more or less replicable than work in other areas,? he says, although the ?iconic status? of individual findings has distracted from a larger body of supportive evidence.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=f763e420ebc09c05527b53214959af40

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